Taxa

Explore notable groups in the fossil record. Each taxon links to its occurrence data and distribution.

View the full occurrence record: geographic distribution, geologic timeline, and classification breakdown.

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Featured taxa

A curated selection of notable groups across the fossil record.

Clade

Dinosauria

Triassic – Cretaceous

The dominant terrestrial vertebrates of the Mesozoic Era. From tiny feathered hunters to the largest animals to ever walk the Earth.

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Class

Trilobita

Cambrian – Permian

Ancient marine arthropods that flourished for over 270 million years before vanishing at the end-Permian mass extinction.

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Class

Mammalia

Triassic – Present

Warm-blooded vertebrates defined by hair, live birth, and milk production. Includes everything from bats to whales to humans.

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Subclass

Ammonoidea

Devonian – Cretaceous

Extinct cephalopod mollusks with intricately chambered shells. Prized by collectors and used as index fossils to date rock strata.

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Class

Bivalvia

Cambrian – Present

Clams, oysters, and mussels. Bivalves have been filtering sediment from the seafloor for over 500 million years.

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Class

Gastropoda

Cambrian – Present

The most species-rich class of mollusks. Snails and slugs have colonised land, sea, and freshwater environments across the globe.

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Phylum

Echinodermata

Cambrian – Present

Sea urchins, starfish, and crinoids. Echinoderms are exclusively marine and share a distinctive five-fold body symmetry.

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Class

Aves

Jurassic – Present

Living dinosaurs. Birds are the only surviving lineage of theropod dinosaurs, with a fossil record stretching back to the Jurassic.

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Order

Foraminifera

Cambrian – Present

Single-celled protists that build intricate calcium carbonate shells. An essential biostratigraphic tool for dating marine sediments.

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Class

Cephalopoda

Cambrian – Present

The most intelligent invertebrates — nautiloids, belemnites, ammonites, and their living descendants: squid and octopuses.

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Class

Reptilia

Carboniferous – Present

A sprawling vertebrate grade including lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and extinct marine reptiles and pterosaurs.

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Kingdom

Plantae

Ordovician – Present

Land plants have reshaped Earth's atmosphere and built its terrestrial habitats. Their fossil record begins with spores in the Ordovician.

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Phylum

Brachiopoda

Cambrian – Present

Lamp shells — superficially clam-like but phylogenetically distinct. Once dominant on Paleozoic seafloors, now mostly restricted to cold deep water.

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Class

Anthozoa

Ordovician – Present

Corals and sea anemones. Reef-building corals have constructed the largest biological structures on Earth across hundreds of millions of years.

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Class

Chondrichthyes

Ordovician – Present

Sharks, rays, and chimaeras. Cartilaginous fish with a fossil record stretching back 450 million years, surviving every mass extinction.

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Class

Actinopterygii

Silurian – Present

Ray-finned fish — the most species-rich vertebrate group. From the first bony fish of the Devonian to salmon, tuna, and eels today.

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Order

Pterosauria

Triassic – Cretaceous

The first vertebrates to achieve powered flight. Pterosaurs ranged from sparrow-sized to the largest flying animals ever known.

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Order

Ichthyosauria

Triassic – Cretaceous

Streamlined marine reptiles that convergently evolved a dolphin-like body plan. They gave birth to live young in the open ocean.

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Class

Graptolithina

Cambrian – Carboniferous

Colonial organisms that floated in ancient seas. Their distinctive saw-blade fossils are among the most reliable index fossils for Paleozoic strata.

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Class

Crinoidea

Ordovician – Present

Sea lilies and feather stars. Crinoids carpeted shallow Paleozoic seafloors so densely that entire limestone formations are composed of their remains.

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Phylum

Bryozoa

Ordovician – Present

Tiny colonial filter feeders that build intricate calcified frameworks. A quiet but abundant presence on marine substrates since the Ordovician.

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Class

Ostracoda

Cambrian – Present

Microscopic bivalved crustaceans with one of the richest fossil records of any group. Indispensable for correlating rock layers across continents.

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Class

Insecta

Devonian – Present

The most species-rich class of animals. Insects conquered the land and air in the Devonian and are spectacularly preserved in amber.

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Phylum

Porifera

Cryogenian – Present

Sponges — the simplest of all animals. Archaeocyathid sponges built the earliest reefs in the Cambrian and filter the ocean to this day.

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